Exercise sperm health: what it means
Exercise sperm health refers to the relationship between physical activity and key markers of male fertility, including sperm count, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, semen volume, reproductive hormones, oxidative stress, and sperm DNA integrity. In plain English: the way you train can support—or sometimes impair—the environment where sperm are produced.
Regular moderate exercise is generally associated with better overall metabolic health, healthier testosterone regulation, improved insulin sensitivity, lower inflammation, and better cardiovascular function, all of which can support reproductive health. But more is not always better. Excessive endurance training, overtraining, insufficient recovery, heat exposure, severe calorie restriction, and anabolic steroid use can work against sperm production.
Sperm development takes time. A full sperm production cycle, called spermatogenesis, takes roughly 2 to 3 months. That means changes in training, body weight, sleep, nutrition, or supplement use may take several weeks to show up on a semen analysis.
At a glance
- Best exercise pattern for sperm health: consistent moderate aerobic activity plus resistance training, with enough recovery.
- Potential benefits: improved sperm concentration, motility, hormone balance, weight management, and reduced oxidative stress in some men.
- Potential risks: overtraining, chronic heat exposure, under-fueling, and anabolic steroids can reduce sperm production.
- Timeline: expect 8 to 12 weeks or more before lifestyle changes may be reflected in semen parameters.
- Testing: a semen analysis is the standard test for sperm count, motility, morphology, and related semen metrics.
Table of contents
- Key takeaways
- How exercise affects sperm health
- Which sperm health markers can exercise influence?
- Best types of exercise for sperm health
- Can too much exercise lower sperm count?
- Exercise, weight, testosterone, and fertility
- Cycling, heat, and testicular temperature
- Anabolic steroids, testosterone, and sperm production
- A practical sperm-friendly exercise plan
- What’s normal vs. what’s not?
- When to test sperm health
- Questions to ask your doctor
- Common myths about exercise and sperm
- FAQs
- References
Key takeaways
- Moderate, consistent exercise is usually sperm-friendly. It may support semen quality indirectly by improving weight, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, blood flow, sleep quality, and hormone regulation.
- Both cardio and strength training can be useful. A balanced routine often beats an extreme routine.
- Overtraining can be counterproductive. Very high training loads, inadequate calories, poor sleep, and chronic stress may suppress reproductive hormones and impair sperm production.
- Anabolic steroids and non-prescribed testosterone can severely reduce sperm count. They can suppress the brain-hormone signals needed for the testes to make sperm.
- Heat matters. The testes function best slightly cooler than core body temperature. Frequent hot tubs, saunas, laptop heat, tight gear, or long cycling sessions may matter for some men.
- Changes take time. Because sperm production takes about 2 to 3 months, a sperm-friendly fitness routine should be maintained for at least one full cycle before judging results.
- A semen analysis is the best starting point. If you are trying to conceive or have concerns, testing is more useful than guessing.
How exercise affects sperm health
Exercise can affect sperm health through multiple biological pathways. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes under the control of reproductive hormones, especially follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone. Physical activity can influence this system indirectly through metabolic health, body composition, inflammation, oxidative stress, and stress physiology.
The key point is balance. Exercise is not a single exposure; it includes intensity, duration, frequency, recovery, nutrition, heat, and the use of performance-enhancing substances. A man walking briskly 30 minutes per day, lifting weights three times per week, eating enough, and sleeping well is in a very different fertility environment from a man doing high-volume endurance training while under-eating and sleeping poorly.
Potential sperm-health benefits of regular exercise
- Improved body composition: Excess body fat is associated with hormonal changes, inflammation, and altered semen quality in some men. Exercise can help improve weight and waist circumference.
- Better insulin sensitivity: Metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes can be associated with erectile, hormonal, and fertility issues. Exercise improves glucose regulation.
- Reduced inflammation: Regular moderate exercise can lower chronic low-grade inflammation, which may support a healthier reproductive environment.
- Improved oxidative stress balance: Sperm are vulnerable to oxidative damage. Moderate exercise can strengthen antioxidant defenses, while excessive training can increase oxidative stress.
- Healthier testosterone regulation: Exercise, especially resistance training and fat loss when appropriate, may support normal testosterone physiology. However, effects vary by age, baseline health, sleep, nutrition, and training load.
- Better cardiovascular health: Fertility and sexual function are connected to vascular health. Improved circulation can also support erectile function.
Potential ways exercise can harm sperm health
- Overtraining and low energy availability: Training hard without enough fuel or recovery can disrupt reproductive hormone signaling.
- Excess heat exposure: Heat around the testes can temporarily reduce sperm production or motility in some men.
- Anabolic-androgenic steroids: These can sharply suppress sperm production and may cause azoospermia, meaning no sperm detected in the ejaculate.
- Frequent intense endurance training: Very high-volume endurance exercise may be associated with lower testosterone or altered semen parameters in some men, though findings are not uniform.
- Exercise paired with poor sleep: Sleep deprivation may affect testosterone, metabolic health, libido, and recovery.
Which sperm health markers can exercise influence?
Exercise does not “boost fertility” through one single measurement. Male fertility is usually assessed with a semen analysis, which evaluates several sperm and semen parameters. Exercise may influence some of these directly or indirectly, but it is only one part of the picture.
| Sperm or semen marker | What it means | How exercise may be relevant |
|---|---|---|
| Sperm concentration | Number of sperm per milliliter of semen. | May improve with healthier weight, metabolic health, and reduced inflammation. Can decrease with anabolic steroids, severe overtraining, or heat exposure. |
| Total sperm count | Total number of sperm in the entire ejaculate. | Affected by concentration and semen volume. Lifestyle changes may help if poor health habits are contributing. |
| Motility | Percentage of sperm that move, especially forward movement. | May be influenced by oxidative stress, heat, illness, smoking, diet, and overall health. Moderate exercise may support oxidative balance. |
| Morphology | Percentage of sperm with normal shape under strict criteria. | Can be affected by genetics, heat, varicocele, oxidative stress, toxins, and illness. Exercise alone may not dramatically change morphology. |
| Semen volume | Amount of fluid in the ejaculate. | Hydration, abstinence interval, medications, hormones, and reproductive tract function matter more than exercise alone. |
| Sperm DNA fragmentation | Degree of DNA damage within sperm. | May be affected by oxidative stress, age, varicocele, infections, smoking, heat, and environmental exposures. Balanced exercise may help, while extreme training may increase oxidative stress. |
| Reproductive hormones | Testosterone, LH, FSH, estradiol, prolactin, and others. | Exercise can influence hormones through body composition, recovery, sleep, stress, and energy availability. Steroids and testosterone therapy can suppress sperm production. |
It is important not to overinterpret one semen analysis. Semen parameters naturally vary from sample to sample. If results are abnormal, a clinician may recommend repeating the test, usually after several weeks, and interpreting it alongside medical history, medications, hormones, physical examination, and fertility goals.
Best types of exercise for sperm health
The best exercise for sperm health is not a single workout. It is a sustainable pattern of movement that improves overall health without creating chronic physiological stress. For most men, that means a combination of moderate aerobic activity, resistance training, mobility work, and adequate recovery.
1. Moderate-intensity cardio
Moderate aerobic exercise is one of the most reliable forms of training for general health. Examples include brisk walking, easy jogging, swimming, rowing, hiking, elliptical training, or cycling with attention to saddle comfort and heat management.
Moderate intensity usually means you can talk in short sentences but not sing. This type of training supports cardiovascular fitness, weight management, insulin sensitivity, and mood without the same recovery burden as frequent high-intensity efforts.
2. Resistance training
Strength training can support lean muscle mass, metabolic health, insulin sensitivity, bone density, body composition, and healthy aging. For fertility, the benefit is likely indirect: resistance training may help men maintain a healthier hormonal and metabolic environment, particularly when combined with adequate sleep and nutrition.
A sperm-friendly strength routine does not need to be extreme. Two to four sessions per week focusing on major movement patterns—squats, hinges, presses, pulls, carries, and core work—is enough for many men.
3. High-intensity interval training, used carefully
High-intensity interval training can improve fitness efficiently, but dose matters. Occasional HIIT sessions may fit well into a balanced program. However, frequent hard intervals stacked on top of long endurance sessions, poor sleep, or calorie restriction may increase recovery demands.
If you are trying to conceive and already have poor semen parameters, unexplained fatigue, low libido, or symptoms of overtraining, it may be worth reducing high-intensity volume while you evaluate other causes.
4. Mobility, walking, and active recovery
Lower-intensity movement is underrated. Walking, mobility work, stretching, yoga, and easy recovery sessions can improve stress regulation and consistency without adding large recovery costs. These activities are especially useful for men with sedentary jobs, high stress, or high training loads.
| Exercise type | Sperm-health potential | Best use | Watch-outs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brisk walking / moderate cardio | Generally supportive | Most days of the week, especially if sedentary or overweight | Low risk; progress gradually if deconditioned |
| Strength training | Generally supportive | 2–4 days per week with progressive but manageable loads | Avoid extreme cutting, overtraining, and steroid use |
| HIIT | Potentially useful in moderation | 1–2 sessions per week for trained individuals | Too much can impair recovery and increase stress load |
| Long endurance training | Context-dependent | Can be healthy when fueled and recovered properly | Very high volume may be an issue for some men |
| Cycling | Usually fine in moderation | Low-impact cardio with good bike fit and breaks | Long rides, saddle pressure, and heat may affect some men |
Can too much exercise lower sperm count?
Yes, in some men, excessive exercise may contribute to lower sperm count, lower testosterone, poorer recovery, or altered semen quality—especially when combined with under-eating, high stress, poor sleep, or use of performance-enhancing drugs. The relationship is not the same for everyone, and many endurance athletes remain fertile. But chronic overload can become a problem when the body perceives that survival and recovery are a higher priority than reproduction.
Signs your training may be too much
- Persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest
- Declining performance despite training hard
- Low libido or fewer morning erections
- Sleep disruption
- Irritability, anxiety, or low mood
- Frequent illness or slow recovery
- Unintentional weight loss or very low body fat
- Loss of appetite or constant soreness
These signs do not prove a fertility problem, but they suggest your body may not be recovering well. If you are trying to conceive, a lower-stress training block for 8 to 12 weeks can be a reasonable experiment—especially alongside a semen analysis and medical guidance if results are abnormal.
Why overtraining may affect fertility
Overtraining can influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the hormone network that regulates sperm and testosterone production. High physiological stress may affect gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone. In addition, intense training without adequate calories can increase oxidative stress and impair recovery.
The issue is not “exercise is bad.” The issue is mismatch: too much training stress, not enough recovery, and not enough fuel.
Exercise, weight, testosterone, and fertility
Body weight and metabolic health are strongly connected to male reproductive health. Both obesity and extreme leanness can be associated with hormonal changes. Exercise can help, but the goal should be metabolic health—not simply the lowest possible body fat percentage.
Excess body fat and sperm health
Obesity is associated with lower testosterone in some men, increased inflammation, insulin resistance, sleep apnea, and changes in estrogen metabolism. These factors can affect libido, erectile function, and semen parameters. Weight loss through sustainable exercise and nutrition may improve reproductive health markers in some men, particularly when weight-related metabolic issues are present.
Very low body fat and fertility
On the other extreme, aggressive dieting, rapid weight loss, very low body fat, or low energy availability may suppress reproductive hormones. This is especially relevant for physique competitors, endurance athletes, and men combining intense training with calorie restriction.
Testosterone is not the same as sperm production
Testosterone matters for male reproductive health, but higher testosterone does not automatically mean better sperm. Sperm production depends on the right hormonal signaling within the testes. In fact, taking external testosterone can drastically reduce sperm production because it suppresses luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the brain.
This is one of the most important fertility concepts for active men: natural testosterone support through healthy lifestyle is very different from taking testosterone or anabolic steroids.
Cycling, heat, and testicular temperature
The testes sit outside the body because sperm production works best at a temperature slightly below core body temperature. Repeated heat exposure may temporarily impair sperm production or motility in some men.
Common heat-related exposures
- Frequent hot tubs or very hot baths
- Regular sauna use, especially prolonged sessions
- Long cycling sessions with tight clothing and saddle pressure
- Heated car seats or laptop heat directly on the lap
- Tight compression gear worn for long periods
- Occupational heat exposure
Heat effects are often reversible, but the timeline can be slow because sperm development takes months. If you are actively trying to conceive or have abnormal semen results, reducing avoidable heat exposure for at least one sperm production cycle is a common, low-risk step.
Is cycling bad for sperm?
Cycling is not automatically bad for sperm. Many men cycle without fertility problems. The concern is more relevant with high-volume cycling, prolonged saddle pressure, increased scrotal temperature, numbness, or genital discomfort. Bike fit, saddle choice, padded shorts, standing breaks, and varying training modalities can help reduce risk.
Anabolic steroids, testosterone, and sperm production
Anabolic steroids and non-prescribed testosterone are among the most significant exercise-related threats to male fertility. They can suppress the hormonal signals required for sperm production and may cause severe oligospermia, meaning very low sperm count, or azoospermia, meaning no sperm seen in the ejaculate.
The body regulates sperm production through a feedback loop involving the brain and testes. When external testosterone or anabolic-androgenic steroids are introduced, the brain senses high androgen levels and reduces luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Without these signals, the testes may produce much less intratesticular testosterone and fewer sperm.
Can sperm recover after steroids or testosterone?
Recovery is possible for many men, but it can take months and sometimes longer. Recovery depends on duration of use, dose, compounds used, baseline fertility, age, testicular function, and whether medical treatment is needed. Men who want children should not stop or start hormone-related medications without medical guidance. A reproductive urologist or male fertility specialist can discuss options such as stopping testosterone, fertility-preserving alternatives, or medications that stimulate the body’s own hormone production when appropriate.
If you are using testosterone therapy and want to conceive, speak with a clinician experienced in male fertility. Do not assume that a normal libido or muscular build means sperm production is normal.
A practical sperm-friendly exercise plan
A sperm-friendly training plan should improve fitness while protecting recovery. The right prescription depends on your current fitness, medical history, fertility timeline, semen analysis results, and goals. The following framework is a general starting point for otherwise healthy men.
Weekly framework
- Do moderate cardio 3 to 5 days per week. Aim for brisk walking, easy jogging, swimming, rowing, or similar activities. Start with 20 to 30 minutes if you are new to training.
- Strength train 2 to 4 days per week. Focus on compound movements and controlled progression. Avoid maxing out constantly.
- Limit high-intensity work to what you can recover from. One or two short HIIT sessions per week may be enough for many men.
- Take at least 1 to 2 easier days weekly. Recovery is part of the program, not a lack of discipline.
- Fuel your training. Include enough calories, protein, carbohydrates, healthy fats, and micronutrients. Severe dieting can work against fertility.
- Prioritize sleep. Most adults need consistent, adequate sleep for hormonal and metabolic health.
- Reduce heat exposures if trying to conceive. Be mindful of hot tubs, saunas, long rides, and tight gear.
- Avoid anabolic steroids and non-prescribed testosterone. If you are on testosterone therapy, discuss fertility plans with your clinician.
Example week
| Day | Training idea | Sperm-health focus |
|---|---|---|
| Monday | Full-body strength training | Build muscle and metabolic health without excessive volume |
| Tuesday | 30–45 minutes moderate cardio | Cardiovascular fitness and stress regulation |
| Wednesday | Mobility work or easy walk | Recovery and consistency |
| Thursday | Full-body strength training | Progressive resistance training |
| Friday | Moderate cardio or short interval session | Fitness with controlled intensity |
| Saturday | Long walk, hike, swim, or recreational sport | Enjoyable activity and sustainable movement |
| Sunday | Rest or gentle mobility | Recovery, sleep, and stress reduction |
This is not a medical prescription. Men with heart disease, uncontrolled blood pressure, injuries, chronic illness, or major fertility concerns should individualize training with a qualified clinician or exercise professional.
What’s normal vs. what’s not?
There is no single “exercise sperm health score.” The most useful objective measure is a semen analysis. The World Health Organization provides reference values for semen parameters, but these are not a dividing line between fertile and infertile. Men can conceive with values below reference limits, and men with normal results can still experience fertility challenges.
| Situation | Usually reassuring | Worth evaluating |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise routine | Consistent moderate training with good recovery | Extreme training load, chronic fatigue, under-eating, or performance decline |
| Libido and erections | Stable libido and normal erectile function for you | New low libido, fewer morning erections, erectile dysfunction, or fatigue |
| Body composition | Healthy, sustainable weight and waist circumference | Obesity with metabolic issues or very low body fat from aggressive dieting |
| Heat exposure | Occasional sauna or cycling without symptoms | Frequent hot tubs, prolonged heat exposure, genital numbness, or abnormal semen results |
| Hormone use | No anabolic steroids or testosterone use | Current or past anabolic steroid use, testosterone therapy, or “prohormone” supplements |
| Fertility timeline | Trying for a short time with no known risk factors | Trying for 12 months, or 6 months if the female partner is 35 or older; earlier if risk factors exist |
When to test sperm health
A semen analysis is the standard first test for male fertility. It is simple, noninvasive, and often underused. If you are trying to conceive, testing sperm health can prevent months of guesswork.
Consider a semen analysis if:
- You have been trying to conceive for 12 months without pregnancy
- Your partner is 35 or older and you have been trying for 6 months
- You have a history of anabolic steroid or testosterone use
- You have had testicular injury, undescended testicle, chemotherapy, radiation, or pelvic surgery
- You have symptoms of low testosterone, erectile dysfunction, or low libido
- You have a varicocele or testicular pain/swelling
- You want a baseline before making lifestyle changes
- You are considering fertility preservation or assisted reproduction
How to prepare for a semen analysis
- Follow the abstinence instructions. Many labs request 2 to 7 days without ejaculation before collection.
- Collect the full sample. Missing part of the sample can affect semen volume and total sperm count.
- Avoid major interpretation from one test. Semen quality varies. Abnormal results are often repeated.
- Share relevant history. Tell your clinician about fever, illness, medications, supplements, steroids, testosterone, heat exposure, and recent lifestyle changes.
Questions to ask your doctor
If exercise, training intensity, hormones, or sperm health are on your mind, bring specific questions to your appointment. A reproductive urologist is often the best specialist for male fertility concerns.
- Should I get a semen analysis now, or wait until we have tried longer?
- Do my semen analysis results suggest a male-factor fertility issue?
- Should I repeat the semen analysis, and when?
- Could my exercise routine, cycling, heat exposure, or recovery be affecting sperm quality?
- Should I test hormones such as testosterone, FSH, LH, estradiol, prolactin, or thyroid markers?
- Could a varicocele, infection, medication, or prior injury be contributing?
- If I have used testosterone or anabolic steroids, what are my options for fertility recovery?
- Should I consider sperm DNA fragmentation testing?
- What lifestyle changes are most important for my specific results?
- When should we consider assisted reproductive options such as IUI, IVF, or ICSI?
Related tests and terms
- Semen analysis: The main test used to evaluate sperm count, concentration, motility, morphology, semen volume, and related markers.
- Sperm concentration: Number of sperm per milliliter of semen.
- Total motile sperm count: A practical fertility metric combining semen volume, sperm concentration, and motility.
- Sperm motility: The percentage of sperm that move and how well they move forward.
- Sperm morphology: The percentage of sperm with normal shape under laboratory criteria.
- Sperm DNA fragmentation: A test that estimates DNA damage within sperm.
- Oligospermia: Low sperm count.
- Azoospermia: No sperm detected in the ejaculate.
- Varicocele: Enlarged veins in the scrotum that may affect testicular temperature and sperm production.
- Hypogonadism: Low testosterone production or impaired gonadal function, which may or may not involve fertility impairment.
Common myths about exercise and sperm health
Myth 1: More exercise always means better sperm
Not necessarily. Moderate exercise is usually beneficial, but excessive training with poor recovery can be counterproductive. Fertility depends on balance, not punishment.
Myth 2: Heavy lifting ruins fertility
There is no good reason to believe sensible resistance training harms sperm. Problems are more likely to come from anabolic steroids, extreme dieting, overtraining, or untreated medical issues—not lifting weights itself.
Myth 3: Testosterone therapy improves male fertility
External testosterone can improve symptoms for some men with medically confirmed low testosterone, but it commonly suppresses sperm production. Men who want children should discuss fertility-preserving options before using testosterone.
Myth 4: One bad semen analysis means you are infertile
Semen parameters fluctuate. Fever, illness, stress, heat exposure, and collection issues can affect results. Abnormal results should be interpreted by a clinician and often repeated.
Myth 5: Supplements can compensate for poor training, sleep, or steroid use
Supplements cannot outwork severe overtraining, chronic sleep loss, anabolic steroid use, or major medical causes of male infertility. Foundations matter first.
FAQs about exercise and sperm health
Does exercise improve sperm count?
Exercise may improve sperm count in some men, especially when it helps reduce excess body fat, improve metabolic health, lower inflammation, and support hormone regulation. The effect varies. Exercise is most likely to help when poor fitness, obesity, insulin resistance, or sedentary lifestyle are contributing factors.
What is the best exercise for male fertility?
The best approach is usually a balanced program: moderate cardio, strength training, daily movement, and adequate recovery. Brisk walking, resistance training, swimming, hiking, and moderate cycling can all fit. The “best” exercise is one you can sustain without overtraining.
Can overtraining reduce sperm quality?
Yes, overtraining may reduce sperm quality in some men, particularly when paired with low calorie intake, poor sleep, high stress, or very high endurance volume. Possible effects include altered reproductive hormones, increased oxidative stress, and impaired recovery.
How long does it take for exercise to affect sperm?
Because sperm production takes roughly 2 to 3 months, lifestyle changes generally need at least 8 to 12 weeks before they may be reflected in semen analysis results. Some changes may take longer, especially after hormone use, illness, or significant weight change.
Is weightlifting good or bad for sperm?
Weightlifting is generally compatible with healthy sperm production when done responsibly. It can support body composition and metabolic health. The bigger concerns are anabolic steroids, non-prescribed testosterone, extreme calorie restriction, and inadequate recovery.
Does cycling affect sperm count?
Moderate cycling is usually fine for many men. High-volume cycling may raise concerns for some due to scrotal heat, saddle pressure, and genital numbness. Proper bike fit, a supportive saddle, standing breaks, and mixing in other activities can help reduce risk.
Do hot tubs and saunas affect sperm?
Frequent heat exposure from hot tubs, very hot baths, or prolonged sauna use may temporarily impair sperm production or motility in some men. If you are trying to conceive or have abnormal semen parameters, reducing avoidable heat exposure for a few months is a reasonable step.
Can testosterone supplements increase sperm?
No. Testosterone therapy or anabolic steroid use commonly lowers sperm production by suppressing the brain signals that stimulate the testes. Men who want to maintain fertility should discuss alternatives with a reproductive urologist or qualified clinician.
Should I stop exercising while trying to conceive?
Usually no. Most men benefit from staying active. The goal is to avoid extremes: do not overtrain, under-eat, rely on steroids, or repeatedly expose the testes to excessive heat. If semen results are abnormal, adjust training with medical guidance rather than stopping all exercise.
Can exercise improve sperm DNA fragmentation?
Exercise may help indirectly by improving oxidative stress balance, weight, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. However, sperm DNA fragmentation can also be influenced by age, varicocele, infection, smoking, heat, toxins, and medical conditions. Testing and targeted evaluation may be needed.
References
- World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 6th edition. World Health Organization; 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787
- American Urological Association and American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Men: AUA/ASRM Guideline. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/male-infertility
- American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility. https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/optimizing-natural-fertility-a-committee-opinion-2022/
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/adults.html
- Endocrine Society. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/103/5/1715/4939465
- Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility. https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/diagnostic-evaluation-of-the-infertile-male-a-committee-opinion-2020/
